What is the history of opium in China?
benefits and no obligations. The treaties crippled China but gave missionaries access to China: revoking the ban on Christianity and allowing missionaries to build homes, churches, schools and hospitals in China. The opium trade conflicted the missionary community. They disliked the drug on moral grounds: the trade was
What is the best book on opium culture in China?
Following British importation of opium to China in 1760s, the use and production of the drug in China increased dramatically. This situation was aggravated after the failure of Opium Wars that occurred between the United Kingdom and the Qing Empire in China with the aim of forcing China to import British Opium; this war made China open the door to a free flowing opium trade, with …
How did Mao Zedong get rid of the opium epidemic?
in 1858, which forcibly opened up China after the Opium War to the Western world, were foreigners allowed to travel into China‟s interior.8 Furthermore, the Treaty gave missionaries the right to preach the Gospel to the Chinese and to attract converts.9 Thus, a surge of missionaries arrived in China and, at the height of missionary influence in the 1920s, about 6,500 …
How did the Qing dynasty deal with the opium epidemic?
The most notorious was the Boxer Uprising, from 1899-1901, in which Chinese Christians and foreigners, including American missionaries, were targeted and killed by a discontented group called The Righteous Hands. Some missionaries left China before they were killed; others wrote letters home assuring their families that they were safe.
What was the effect of the Opium Wars on China?
This situation was aggravated after the failure of Opium Wars that occurred between the United Kingdom and the Qing Empire in China with the aim of forcing China to import British Opium; this war made China open the door to a free flowing opium trade, with disastrous social and public health consequences. The subsequent rise of the new China ...
How did the rise of China create a drug free atmosphere?
The subsequent rise of the new China created drug-free atmosphere by strict legislation and punishment, in which drug use greatly decreased. However, in the context of governmental reform and the open-door policies of the 1980s, drug abuse has re-emerged as a major public health problem.
What is the best treatment for opiate addiction?
In addition, traditional Chinese medicine, including herbal therapy and acupuncture, both found to be effective in the prevention of relapse and causes few side effects, making them useful for the treatment of opiate addiction.
Why were missionaries important to China?
Overall, missionaries were in the best positions of any foreigners to understand the feelings and behaviors of the Chinese. Since their work required them to move into the interior of China from the treaty ports, they had unique knowledge of Chinese culture. Moreover, missionaries made China their home, while other foreigners did not stay for long periods of time.18 But without women missionaries, male missionaries would not have reached half of the Chinese population since men were forbidden to talk to Chinese
How did women missionaries influence Chinese culture?
Most initiatives for social reform , especially for Chinese girls and women, positively influenced Chinese culture but were also problematic. In addition, women missionaries personally responded and changed because of the social struggles they saw. Female missionaries felt troubled by Chinese women‟s roles. Missionaries believed that Chinese women were oppressed; when Mari Gratia Luking, a women missionary in China, visited hospices for only boys, she wrote, “We asked what had become of the girls. The sisters said the women and girls are among the greatest sufferers…but I am too full of the suffering of our people to write more.”37 Clearly, the perceived suffering of Chinese women made the missionary women sympathetic to them which in turn, made the women missionaries push for reform.
How did Ida Pruitt relate to the Chinese?
While many missionaries maintained superior attitudes toward the Chinese, one woman missionary typifies opposite responses of empathy and understanding. Ida Pruitt was born in 1888 in China where her parents worked as missionaries.56 While most mission children went to the China Inland boarding school, Pruitt grew up on her parents‟ mission. Thus, she had an early identification with the Chinese and their culture. Because Ida grew up with the Chinese, she probably had fewer emotional boundaries. In other words, Ida did not identify herself as a Westerner helping the Chinese. Rather, she probably presumed that she and the Chinese were aligned and naturally connected. In turn, Ida felt deeply affected by the Chinese culture, perhaps more so than other women missionaries who had grown up in the United States. For Ida, China felt familiar; the United States seemed like a foreign land. Furthermore, she had a deeper understanding than most missionaries of the Chinese peoples‟ hostility towards Western missionaries
What company grew the opium industry?
In the 18th century, the dominion of the Dutch was broken by the British East India Company ( EIC), which grew the nascent Indian opium industry into a leading opium production centre to satisfy the opiate addictions of the vast Chinese market.
How much opium was brought into Java?
According to J. C. Baud, Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies (1834–36) and Minister of Colonial Affairs (1840–48), an average of 56,000 kg of Indian opium were brought into Java annually between 1619 and 1799.
What was the impact of opium on the East Indies?
From 1814 to 1818, opium constituted about 30 to 50 percent of the total value of Bengal’s exports to the East Indies and China. It therefore comes as little surprise to know that opium wielded a huge influence on the economic and social life of colonial Singapore.
How to smoke opium on a smoker?
With one hand, the smoker would manoeuvre the inch-thick pipe with the bowl-like knob over a flame, and with the other hand, dip a silver pin or prong into the opium, twirl the paste into the size of a pea before inserting it into the pinhole of the pipe for the opium to be cooked over the fire.
What was the purpose of the Europeans colonizing the opium trade?
The Europeans saw colonisation as a means to control and to further their interest in the commercial enterprises of the region.
How much did the colonial government contribute to the opium trade?
In fact, opium contributed about 40 to 60 percent of the government’s annual revenue and it remained a key pillar of the fiscal system right into the 20th century.
What was the opium trade?
The opium trade was a lucrative business in colonial Singapore. Gracie Lee examines its deleterious effects on the economic and social life of the city. A Chinese man smoking opium, 1920.
What missionaries left China before they were killed?
Some missionaries left China before they were killed; others wrote letters home assuring their families that they were safe. Presbyterian Missionaries Killed during the Boxer Uprising. The Boxer Uprising and foreign (United States, British, and other) forces entering Beijing to suppress the Boxer Uprising.
How many Protestant missionaries were there in China?
The 100 Protestant Missionaries of the China Inland Mission. All arrived in China by 1887. As foreign women were now permitted in China (they had been forbidden under the Canton system), the number of female American Protestant missionaries increased in the latter half of the nineteenth century. These women focused their efforts on converting ...
Why did Williams and Bridgman expand on Morrison's efforts?
Williams and Bridgman expanded on Morrison's efforts in order to enhance later missionaries' and the American government's understanding of China and the Chinese language. To this end, Williams wrote The Middle Kingdom, a two-volume work about the history, culture, and customs of China. In an effort to increase American knowledge of China, ...
Where did the American missionaries live in the 1830s?
In the 1830s and 1840s, which marked the early years of American Protestant missionary activity in China, the American missionaries lived and worked in the Thirteen Factories at Canton, under the restrictive Canton system. The Thirteen Factories at Canton, right.
What kind of missionary was Peter Parker?
Dr. Peter Parker exemplified the new kind of missionary: the medical missionary. The Chinese populace was in desperate need of medical services, and American missionaries' medical expertise granted them greater access to Chinese citizens and offered opportunities to spread Christianity. The Sino-British Treaty of Nanjing, 1842, ...
What was the name of the treaty that gave Western powers greater access to China?
The Sino-British Treaty of Nanjing, 1842, and the U.S.-Sino Treaty of Wangxia, 1844, following China's defeat in the Opium War granted Western powers greater access and rights in China, including the abolition of the restrictive Canton system.
Who translated the Bible into Chinese?
Both Bridgman and Williams translated the Bible into Chinese. Robert Morrison, a British Protestant missionary who had been the first missionary to arrive in China in 1807, had been translating the Scripture and had compiled a Chinese-English dictionary. Scripture translated into Chinese, left and right.
Missionary organizations
This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.
Protestant Episcopal Church Mission
A list of missionaries of the Episcopal Church (United States) a member Province of the worldwide Anglican Communion that served in China from 1835.
What happened to the cross in China?
In addition, foreign missionaries who have been working in China are now getting deported in groups.
How many Christians were killed in Nigeria in 2021?
05/14/2021 Nigeria (International Christian Concern) – According to the rights group Intersociety Rule of Law, 1,470 Christians were murdered and over 2,200 were abducted by jihadists in the first four months of 2021. “The latest research investigation conducted by Intersociety took weeks and cut across all the troubling Christian areas of the country,” states the report, “The number of ... More
What happened in Myanmar on May 26th, 2021?
06/02/2021 Myanmar (International Christian Concern) – During the evening of May 26, another church in Kayah state was attacked by the Burmese military. Fighting between the military and local resistance groups continues to rage in the eastern part of the country after the Feb. 1 coup. According to UCA News, artillery fire hit St. Joseph’s Church ... More
The Economic Importance of Opium
- The supply of opium to China and Southeast Asia came largely from India. This highly addictive narcotic, culled from the poppy plant, was one of British India’s most valuable exports to China during the late 18th century and into the 19th century. It became the single-most important commodity that was used to offset the trade deficit arising from B...
Opium Use in Asia
- Up until the 16th century in the Middle East, India and China, opium was primarily a luxury item consumed orally for medicinal purposes, and to a lesser extent, used as a recreational euphoric or an aphrodisiac. It became popular as a recreational drug in the 19th century when opium-smoking became an accepted social practice. Opium leaves a bitter taste when eaten raw. Smoked opiu…
Opium Use in Singapore
- Once the chests of opium balls arrived at their destinations, they had to be further processed for retail and consumption. The method of opium preparation in Singapore has been well-documented in a paper by Robert Little, the first coroner of Singapore, titled “On the Habitual Use of Opium in Singapore” published in The Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia(pop…
The Effect on Colonial Society
- Opium-smoking was one of the social ills that plagued Singapore in the 19th and early 20th centuries. In 1856, there was an estimated 15,000 opium addicts in Singapore; by 1933, the number had risen to around 73,000 or between 120,000 and 150,000 (depending on which source is consulted). According to a study by the Singapore Anti-Opium Society in 1935, one in 10 adult …
References
- A prevalent vice: Straits Chinese combine for opium suppression. (1907, July 11). The Straits Times, p. 7. Retrieved from NewspaperSG. Braddell, T. (1856). Gambling and opium smoking in the Straits of Malacca. Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia, New Series, I, 66–83. (Call no.: RCLOS 950.05 JOU) Cameron, J. (1865). Our tropical possessions in Malayan India: Be…