What is the relationship between age and gender?
In a sample of nearly 14,000 adults from a rural region of China, the 1-year prevalence of low back pain was higher among females than in males across all age groups below 60 years of age. 23 In a representative random sample from Turkey, the 2-month prevalence of back pain was consistently higher in women than in men in all age groups with the overall values of 17% for …
How does gender affect our health?
Several recent studies suggest that demographic factors like race/ethnicity, age, and gender may influence how an individual perceives the pain experience of another. ( 1 – 3, 16) However, the reasons for these demographic influences remain largely unclear.
Do older women have different health risks from older men?
Any active adult over the age of 40 can attest to requiring more recovery time from training and injury. Progressive training causes muscles to break down (on a microscopic level), repair and grow stronger. As we age, muscle fibres decrease in number and shrink in size. New muscle fibres are generated at a slower rate than in a younger person, resulting in a slower build-up …
Is there a sex difference in back pain prevalence and severity?
It has been argued that increasing patient age may result in a change in the biomolecular environment, as progenitor mesenchymal cells of the elderly patients lack the osteogenic potential of younger patients. 14 –16 Regarding functional outcome, older patients may have more difficulty participating in rigorous physical therapy after trauma and surgery thereby …
How does gender affect functional recovery?
Conclusions: Gender differences in SCI were seen in several areas. Women may have more natural neurologic recovery than men; however, for a given level and degree of neurologic injury, men tend to do better functionally than women at time of discharge from rehabilitation.
What determines the level of paralysis?
Several factors determine the level of paralysis, including: Where the injury occurred. Whether the injury was complete or incomplete.
What is Brown Séquard syndrome?
Brown-Séquard syndrome is a rare spinal disorder that results from an injury to one side of the spinal cord in which the spinal cord is damaged but is not severed completely. It is usually caused by an injury to the spine in the region of the neck or back.Jul 30, 2003
What part of the spine can paralyze you?
The nerves exiting the vertebrae in the neck area or cervical segments are referred to as C1 through C8. These nerve control signals to the neck, arms, hands, and internal organs. Injuries to these areas result in tetraplegia.
What are the health advantages of men and women?
The biological advantage of women appears to be related to their ability to bear children and the physiological systems that permit pregnancy and child bearing, whereas men's health advantage seems to be due to lower levels of role stress, role conflict, and lower societal demands ( 91 ).
What is gender analysis in health?
Gender analysis in health has been undertaken mainly by social scientists who observe d that biological differences alone cannot adequately explain health behaviour. Health outcomes also depend upon social and economic factors that, in turn, are influenced by cultural and political conditions in society.
What are the biological determinants of health?
The gender differences in the biological determinants of health and illness include differential genetic vulnerability to illness, reproductive and hormonal factors, and differences in physiological characteristics during the life-cycle. Until recently, a male model of health was used almost exclusively for clinical research, and the findings were generalized to women, except for the reproductive period. Clinical trials typically excluded women to protect them and their unborn children from possible negative effects. However, research in the United States in the early 1990s seriously questioned the validity of a male model for female health issues and highlighted significant gender differences in the biological determinants of health and illness ( 47 ). For example, protocols for the diagnosis and treatment of heart disease, the number one cause of all deaths in the United States, were based upon findings from middle-aged white male patients. As a result, women were diagnosed later with more advanced disease and were consequently harder to treat successfully.
What is the difference between gender and sex?
Simply put, sex refers to biological differences, whereas gender refers to social differences. In the last decade, a considerable amount of research has been conducted in the area of gender and health, including gender differences in vulnerability to, and the impact of, specific health conditions.
How does gender affect economics?
The gender differences in the economic consequences of illness include how work of men and women is affected by illness, such as availability of substitute labour, opportunity costs of health-related actions, available income, and the impact of economic policies.
Is gender relational or relational?
Gender is relational —gender roles and characteristics do not exist in isolation, but are defined in relation to one another and through the relationships between women and men, girls and boys” (1). Simply put, sex refers to biological differences, whereas gender refers to social differences.
Do older women live alone?
Older women in both developing and industrialized countries are more likely to live alone than men (53). As noted above, isolation can severely affect the health of older people, and given the lower economic status of women, they are less likely to be able to seek help (50).
What is age gender diversity?
The Age, Gender and Diversity elements can be defined as follows: AGE refers to the different stages in one’s life cycle. It is important for protection programming to be aware of where people are in their life cycle as their capacities and needs change over time.
What is gender role?
Gender roles are learned, changeable over time, and variable within and between cultures. Gender often defines the duties, responsibilities, constraints, opportunities and privileges of women, girls, men and boys in any context.
What is gender equality?
Gender equality refers to the equal enjoyment of their rights, responsibilities and opportunities and it implies that the interests, needs and priorities of each gender are respected. DIVERSITY refers to different values, attitudes, cultural perspectives, beliefs, ethnic background, nationality, sexual orientation, gender identity, ability, health, ...
Why is it important to take differences into account in humanitarian response?
In humanitarian response, it is important to take these differences into account, not only because they may give rise to specific protection risks, but also because they can often be leveraged to improve the situation of those affected. ...
How is gender determined?
Gender is determined by how we see ourselves and each other, and how we act and interact with others. There’s a lot of diversity in how individuals and groups understand, experience, and express gender. Because gender influences our behaviors and relationships, it can also affect health.
How many chromosomes are in a female cell?
Females have two X chromosomes in every cell. These cells make up all your tissues and organs, including your skin, heart, stomach, muscles, and brain. Gender is a social or cultural concept. It refers to the roles, behaviors, and identities that society assigns to girls and boys, women and men, and gender-diverse people.
What are the symptoms of a heart attack?
For both men and women, the most common heart attack symptom is chest pain or discomfort. But women are more likely than men to have shortness of breath, nausea and vomiting, fatigue, and pain in the back, shoulders, and jaw. Knowing about such differences can lead to better diagnoses and outcomes. Men and women also tend to have different ...
Does smoking affect dopamine?
These brain movies showed that smoking alters dopamine in the brain at different rates and in different locations in males and females. Dopamine release in nicotine-dependent men occurred quickly in a brain area that reinforces the effect of nicotine and other drugs.
Is autoimmune disease preventable?
It’s the leading cause of preventable death in the U.S. Autoim mune Disorders — Scientists have found sex influences in autoimmune disorders as well. About 80% of those affected are women. But autoimmune conditions in men are often more severe.
Does sex affect addiction?
Sex also influences disease risk in addiction. For example, women who smoke are more susceptible to lung and heart disease than men who smoke.”. One NIH-funded research team has detected some of these differences in the brain. In a recent study, 16 people who smoke—8 men and 8 women—underwent brain scans while smoking to create “movies” ...
Misunderstanding and Candor
No one is disputing that occurs, but a body of growing research, much of it from emergency medicine, suggests that those twin devils — misunderstanding by health care providers and lack of candor by patients — may play a role, in addition to bias and poverty.
Ignoring Abuse
That view was echoed by Brent King, MD, who surveyed the pediatric literature and found similar results and problems interpreting the findings. Higher rates of suspected child abuse, for example, are seen in certain minority populations although “the overall suspicion may be lower” for Caucasian, middle-class families.
Ethnic Differences
It has been fairly well established that some ethnic and racial groups simply respond differently to the kind of intrusive treatment that emergency care provides.
Sexism in Medical Care
It may be that the time has come to take a cue from the advocates for women's health, who have put conditions from breast cancer to spouse battering in front of the public not to mention at the bench of clinical research. One of those who has done so in cardiology is Andra Blomkalns, MD, the residency director at the University of Cincinnati.
How does sex affect health?
Sex affects behavior, perception, and health in multiple complex ways. Differences in the sex chromosomes are but one factor, although a significant one for a small number of diseases influenced by gene dosage (i.e., specific to the X chromosome), or for genes found only on the Y chromosome (IOM, 2001).
Why is race and gender important?
Sex/gender and race/ethnicity are complex traits that are particularly useful and important because each includes the social dimensions necessary for understanding its impact on health and each has genetic underpinnings, to varying degrees.
Why do men and women differ?
Men and women differ biologically because their primary reproductive hormones are different. Less well recognized are the sex differences in certain aspects of immune function that stem from the fact that women and men face different immune challenges.
What are the effects of sex hormones on adipose tissue?
Sex hormones have both genomic and nongenomic effects on the accumulation, distribution, and metabolism of adipose tissue, including the regulation of leptin (Mayes and Watson, 2004). Leptin has long-term effects on the regulation of body weight, mediated through appetite, energy expenditure and body temperature.
When do women become more confident?
Women, on the other hand, start out less confident, but show steady increases from their mid-20s until their mid- 60s, ending up more confident than the men. Often when people are resistant to and defensive about feedback, they seek to convince others that they are highly confident individuals.
Why are women socialized?
There are a few possible reasons for this. For instance, women are socialized to be less confident, whereas men are socialized to be overconfident. Many women are also subjected to what Joan C. Williams has termed “Prove-It-Again” bias, in which their competence is constantly (and unfairly) questioned.
What is the difference between a growth mindset and a fixed mindset?
People with a growth mindset tend to focus on improving, learning, and effort; while folks with a fixed mindset assume that our abilities are based more on inborn talents and traits and unlikely to change. The former seek out challenging situations and welcome feedback, including criticism.
Who is Jack Zenger?
Doing so takes the right mindset. Jack Zenger is the CEO of Zenger/Folkman, a leadership development consultancy. He is a coauthor of the October 2011 HBR article “ Making Yourself Indispensable ” and the book Speed: How Leaders Accelerate Successful Execution (McGraw Hill, 2016).
Who is Joseph Folkman?
Joseph Folkman is the president of Zenger/Folkman, a leadership development consultancy. He is a coauthor of the October 2011 HBR article “ Making Yourself Indispensable ” and the book Speed: How Leaders Accelerate Successful Execution (McGraw Hill, 2016). Connect with Joe at twitter.com/joefolkman.
