What is the history of opium in China?
In China, where it was smoked, opium-use swept the nation like wildfire. Early in the eighteenth century, ... Western missionaries in China, up from 100 in 1860. The Unequal Treaties had pried China open. Few missionaries protested their means of access into China: lopsided wars and unfair treaties stemming from an addictive
What are some good books about the Opium War in China?
The Opening to China Part I: the First Opium War, the United States, and the Treaty of Wangxia, 1839-1844. ... Article 17 protected the interests of American missionaries in China (several had acted as translators during the negotiation process). Article 18 allowed Americans living or working in China to employ tutors to help them learn Chinese ...
Where did the American missionaries live in China?
Following British importation of opium to China in 1760s, the use and production of the drug in China increased dramatically. This situation was aggravated after the failure of Opium Wars that occurred between the United Kingdom and the Qing Empire in China with the aim of forcing China to import British Opium; this war made China open the door to a free flowing opium trade, with …
How did Mao Zedong get rid of the opium epidemic?
missioner Lin Tse-hsti confiscated twenty thousand chests of opium and Chief Superintendent Charles Elliot promised the owners that Her Majesty's government would compensate them for their loss. As Her Majesty's government was not about to dig into its own pockets for six or eight million dollars, England went to war to make Peking pay.3
How did China get rid of opium addiction?
The Mao Zedong government is generally credited with eradicating both consumption and production of opium during the 1950s using unrestrained repression and social reform. Ten million addicts were forced into compulsory treatment, dealers were executed, and opium-producing regions were planted with new crops.
Where is Jackie Pullinger now?
She has been ministering in Hong Kong since 1966. The early years of her Hong Kong ministry are chronicled in the book Chasing the Dragon (1980).
What is Jackie Pullinger famous for?
Christian missionary Jackie Pullinger has been helping Hongkongers kick their addictions through prayer since 1966. It's gone quickly, she says, and she feels lucky to have realised her dream.Nov 24, 2016
Where was Jackie Pullinger born?
Croydon, United KingdomJackie Pullinger / Place of birthCroydon is a large town in South London, England that gives its name to the London Borough of Croydon. It is one of the largest commercial districts in Greater London, with an extensive shopping district and night-time economy. Wikipedia
How many books has Jackie Pullinger written?
Chasing the Dragon1980Crack in the Wall: The Life and Death of Kowloon Walled City1989Classic Testimonies OmnibusJackie Pullinger/Books
What was the Chinese tribute system?
For years, the Chinese had conducted their foreign policy through the tribute system, in which foreign powers wishing to trade with China were required first to bring a tribute to the emperor, acknowledging the superiority of Chinese culture and the ultimate authority of the Chinese ruler.
Which countries signed treaties with China?
As a result, France, Russia, and the United States all signed treaties with China at Tianjin in quick succession in 1858.
What was the first treaty between the United States and China?
The Treaty of Wangxia (Wang-hsia) was the first formal treaty signed between the United States and China in 1844. It served as an American counterpart to the Anglo-Chinese Treaty of Nanjing that ended the First Opium War in 1842.
What was the first war between Great Britain and China?
Settling this financial problem eventually led to the First Opium War between Great Britain and China, from 1839 to 1942. After defeating the Chinese in a series of naval conflicts, the British were in a position to make a large number of demands from the weaker Qing Government of China, in the Anglo-Chinese Treaty of Nanjing.
What was the effect of the Opium Wars on China?
This situation was aggravated after the failure of Opium Wars that occurred between the United Kingdom and the Qing Empire in China with the aim of forcing China to import British Opium; this war made China open the door to a free flowing opium trade, with disastrous social and public health consequences. The subsequent rise of the new China ...
What is the best treatment for opiate addiction?
In addition, traditional Chinese medicine, including herbal therapy and acupuncture, both found to be effective in the prevention of relapse and causes few side effects, making them useful for the treatment of opiate addiction.
Is drug abuse a public health problem?
However, in the context of governmental reform and the open-door policies of the 1980s, drug abuse has re-emerged as a major public health problem. Today, drug abuse is highly linked to the spread of HIV/AIDS and to drug-related crimes in China.
How did women missionaries influence Chinese culture?
Most initiatives for social reform , especially for Chinese girls and women, positively influenced Chinese culture but were also problematic. In addition, women missionaries personally responded and changed because of the social struggles they saw. Female missionaries felt troubled by Chinese women‟s roles. Missionaries believed that Chinese women were oppressed; when Mari Gratia Luking, a women missionary in China, visited hospices for only boys, she wrote, “We asked what had become of the girls. The sisters said the women and girls are among the greatest sufferers…but I am too full of the suffering of our people to write more.”37 Clearly, the perceived suffering of Chinese women made the missionary women sympathetic to them which in turn, made the women missionaries push for reform.
How did Ida Pruitt relate to the Chinese?
While many missionaries maintained superior attitudes toward the Chinese, one woman missionary typifies opposite responses of empathy and understanding. Ida Pruitt was born in 1888 in China where her parents worked as missionaries.56 While most mission children went to the China Inland boarding school, Pruitt grew up on her parents‟ mission. Thus, she had an early identification with the Chinese and their culture. Because Ida grew up with the Chinese, she probably had fewer emotional boundaries. In other words, Ida did not identify herself as a Westerner helping the Chinese. Rather, she probably presumed that she and the Chinese were aligned and naturally connected. In turn, Ida felt deeply affected by the Chinese culture, perhaps more so than other women missionaries who had grown up in the United States. For Ida, China felt familiar; the United States seemed like a foreign land. Furthermore, she had a deeper understanding than most missionaries of the Chinese peoples‟ hostility towards Western missionaries
Where was opium first used?
Opium poppy fossils have been discovered in Neolithic settlements in Western Europe, and one of the earliest written references to opium was found on a clay tablet in the region of Mesopotamia (present -day Iraq) from the period 3,000 BC.
Where did opium spread?
He also attributed the introduction of the Javanese practice of opium-smoking to Formosa (present-day Taiwan) to the Dutch, and this subsequently led to its spread in mainland China. Kaempfer’s account is one of many that purport to explain the origin of opium-smoking in China.
What was the opium trade?
The opium trade was a lucrative business in colonial Singapore. Gracie Lee examines its deleterious effects on the economic and social life of the city. A Chinese man smoking opium, 1920.
When was Singapore established?
Singapore was established as a trading post in 1819 by Stamford Raffles to guard British commercial interests along the major sea trade route between India and China. From 1814 to 1818, opium constituted about 30 to 50 percent of the total value of Bengal’s exports to the East Indies and China.
What is opium smoking?
Smoked opium, however, is said to release a fragrant aroma that calms the nerves and relieves boredom. One of the earliest descriptions of opium-smoking is found in German physician Engelbert Kaempfer’s record of his visit to Java in 1689.
Where did the term "chasing the dragon" come from?
OF DRAGONS AND VAPOURS. “Chasing the dragon” (追龙) is a Cantonese street term, likely originating from Hong Kong, describing the act of heating opium or heroin and inhaling its vapours. The “chasing” occurs when the user follows the vapour trail in an attempt to inhale as much as possible of the psychoactive fumes.
When did opium become popular?
It became popular as a recreational drug in the 19th century when opium-smoking became an accepted social practice.
Missionary organizations
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Protestant Episcopal Church Mission
A list of missionaries of the Episcopal Church (United States) a member Province of the worldwide Anglican Communion that served in China from 1835.
Who was the first American Protestant missionary to arrive in China?
In 1830, Elijah Coleman Bridgman became the first American Protestant missionary to arrive in China. In the 1830s and 1840s, which marked the early years of American Protestant missionary activity in China, the American missionaries lived and worked in the Thirteen Factories at Canton, under the restrictive Canton system.
What was the Boxer Uprising?
The Boxer Uprising and foreign (United States, British, and other) forces entering Beijing to suppress the Boxer Uprising. Although U.S.-Sino relations, especially in regards to missionary relations, began with the U.S. restricted and subject to the whims of the imperial Qing government in the 1830s, relations had evolved by 1900 to allow ...
Who translated the Bible into Chinese?
Both Bridgman and Williams translated the Bible into Chinese. Robert Morrison, a British Protestant missionary who had been the first missionary to arrive in China in 1807, had been translating the Scripture and had compiled a Chinese-English dictionary. Scripture translated into Chinese, left and right.